Despite being thought of as adults by many of their instructors, undergraduate students themselves do not share the perception that they are adults. Arnett (1994) surveyed 346 college students to learn about their conceptions of their own adulthood. Only 23% of respondents indicated that they considered themselves to be adults. Most, nearly two-thirds, responded that they considered themselves to be adults in some respects but not others. 70% of participants believed the following qualities to be definitive of adulthood: the ability to “accept responsibility for the consequences of your actions”, “decide on beliefs and values independently of parents or other influencers”, and “establish a relationship with parents as an equal adult.”
A 2007 study (Nelson et al.) took this line of research a step further by also interviewing the college students’ parents about their conceptions of their children’s adulthood, then comparing the child and parent responses. This study revealed that neither college age students nor their parents believed the college students had reached adulthood, although the two groups disagreed on exactly what qualities might constitute an adult.
In the United States, adolescents tend to transition into adulthood through a series of milestones. For students who pursue a college education, the final step towards emancipation might begin when they have their first job and are supporting themselves financially after graduation. This traditional path to adulthood, however, fails to answer important questions about what it means to be an adult or who gets to call themselves an adult. Recent media coverage highlights the increasing practice of young adults returning home to live with their parents after college (Campbell, 2015; Cook, 2015), confounding the traditional, last emancipatory step into adulthood. Is a 17 year old single mom with a GED an adult? Is a 28 year old unemployed part-time student an adult? What particular qualities constitute adulthood?
While there is no consensus on the definition of and path through adulthood, there does seem to be agreement from students and parents that traditional college students are adults in some important respects, but not yet adults in others.
Non-traditional undergraduate students, on the other hand, are generally adults by anyone’s definition. This category of undergraduates is defined by most colleges and universities as students who begin or return to college after the typical age of 18-24. These adults have had important life experiences before returning to college, experiences like raising a family, starting their careers, or serving in the military. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (n.d.), the category of non-traditional undergraduate students includes several categories of adult learners including those who are enrolled full or part-time while also working 35 hours or more per week, students with dependents — whether married or single parents, and those who claim financial independence.
In the following section, this guide will examine the literature on effectively supporting adult learners through their undergraduate education. Then, concrete classroom strategies will be provided.
Adult learners have many of the same learning needs as traditional undergraduate students, yet also face particular challenges. On the whole, adults bring a wealth of life experience into the classroom with them and tend to have fewer opportunities for extracurricular or social interactions. Instructors can support adult learners better when they understand the challenges and opportunities this population faces.
Unsurprisingly, high-impact practices such as active learning and collaborative learning are as important for adult learners as for traditional learners. However, collaborative learning in particular presents obstacles for adult learners who are unlikely to be on campus unless they are in class. While residential undergraduates are making plans to work on projects or socialize on evenings and weekends, adult learners may have little interest in socializing with classmates, or they may require opportunities to complete group assignments in class or through collaborative technology.
Despite the increased difficulty in engaging in group work, the practice has particular benefits for adults. Lundeberg (2003) analyzed responses to the College Student Experiences Questionnaire from 4,644 undergraduate students from 20 institutions in the 1998-1999 academic years. Similar to their younger counterparts, students age 30 and older reported that their learning was enhanced by peer learning and by forming relationships with others on campus. Unlike younger students, adult learners in this analysis were not hindered by their commitments off-campus. When allowed to contribute when and how best suit their busy lives, adult learners benefit from collaborative learning and perform at comparable levels.
Kasworm (2014) described this kind of collaborative learning experience as a connected classroom.
The connected classroom experience recognized them as adults, allowed discussion and support for them as adults, connected their current adult worlds of work, family, and community to the academic content in the classrooms, and, for some, challenged them to engage in select class-related activities beyond the classroom. Most adult students noted their strong relationship with a faculty member, which was established within the classroom, and mentioned class-related interpersonal interactions. Although some of them valued their student peers, most noted their limited time and interest in participating in activities beyond the classroom and with their peers. There was noted a subset of adult students who did value class-related service projects, honor societies, and social efforts with adult student and professional organizations, and occasional class-oriented involvements with plays and campus presentations. Unlike the younger college students, these adults did not usually look to the college or university as a primary socializing agent nor did they desire the college experience to incorporate extra- or co-curricular activities (p. 3).
Other studies confirm this notion of the connected classroom. In Tinto’s (2012) work, the classroom is positioned as the center of student experiences on campus, and thus the most effective vehicle for student retention. Donaldson et al. (2000) found that adult students engaged in meaningful peer interaction “both before class, in class, during breaks, and after class” (p. 8), while Price and Baker (2012) argued that adults may be able to develop meaningful relationships through the classroom experience alone, without the extended residential experience provided to their younger counterparts. Meaningful classroom interactions are essential for supporting adult undergraduate students.
Another key component of adult learning is self-directed learning. In much of the literature around adult learning, self-directed learning is referenced as a key element of andragogy, a theoretical framework developed by Malcolm Knowles (Knowles et al., 2005). Andragogy as a framework has been widely debated over the years, including the need for adults to be self-directed. Researchers have provided some insight into how self-directed learning works for adult learners.
Merriam (2001) described the concept of self-directed learning to be more concerned with developing individual’s capacity to be self-directed than with capitalizing on an innate self-directedness. What this means in practice is that adults want to develop their ability to direct their own work, not that adults come into our classrooms already able to engage in autonomous learning. According to Pilling-Cormick (1997), faculty can provide scaffolded assignments that slowly transfer responsibility for learning outcomes over to students. Feedback and communication are essential components of this progress towards self-directedness.
In her study of self-directedness among adult undergraduate students, Booth (2007) found that being a self-directed learner had a variety of meanings. Some students fell on the end of the spectrum that saw self-directed learning as the need to understand what needed to be done and how to do it. Booth called this “responsible” learning. Other students experienced self-directed learning as an acknowledgement that all experiences are connected accompanied by a heightened sense of oneself as a participant in the world. Booth referred to this end of the spectrum as “mindful” learning.
As with all other groups of students, individual adult learners will find themselves at different points in their development of self-directedness and may require different levels of mentorship from faculty in order to reach their full potential. An adult learner may feel a desire to be self-directed without possessing the confidence that she is able. Positive relationships with faculty can provide mentorship toward a greater level of academic self-direction.
Overall, adult learners benefit from being encouraged to choose their own paths and structure their own experiences, but may require mentorship from faculty along the way.
Integrating coursework with previous knowledge and life experiences is vital for adult learning. In one study, Kasworm (2003) interviewed 90 adult undergraduates age 30 or older and found the adults in the study to demonstrate five distinct “voices”: Entry, Outside, Cynical, Straddling, and Inclusion. The last two categories, Straddling and Inclusion, represent deeper, more integrated learning that connect lived experiences with academic knowledge. In order to move into these final two categories, students who fall into the first three categories- Entry, Outside, and Cynical- will at some point make more meaningful connections between their wealth of life experiences and the course content.
For many adults, the instructor plays a prominent role in making that transition to deeper, more successful learning. In fact, Kasworm (2010) found that the development of special relationships of acceptance and support with faculty was often reported as a primary element in adult students feeling successful in a research university. Adults who were not able to build respectful relationships with faculty reported frustration and feelings of marginalization.
In order to integrate life and learning, adults must reflect on both. Rossiter (1999) suggested a narrative approach to adult development in which learners are encouraged to write regular, reflective narratives that are autobiographical in nature. Incorporating reflective questions into recurring assignments or classroom assessment techniques can also be effective.
Drawing again on Knowles’ (Knowles et al., 2005) theory of andragogy, another aspect of integrating life experience and academic work stems from the ideas that adults achieve their most important learning through experience, and that adults prefer learning that has immediate application in their lives. Therefore, learning that gives adult students the knowledge or skills they need in order to make sense of experience or accomplish more in their careers is higher priority. In order to be fully engaged in the learning process, adult students may even need to understand how their learning will lead to life application. Providing an adult learner with a clear sense of why a course or a reading aligns with his own path can be a key engagement strategy.
Here are several key strategies for connecting with adult learners that provide useful pedagogical implications.
Connecting with adult learners starts with demonstrating respect for their time, their investment in education, and their identities. In classes where students’ previous experience is not valued, learners can become disengaged or cynical. It is possible to both maintain the instructor’s authority and expertise while also valuing diverse student populations. Some specific strategies for valuing adult students are:
Note: drawing on student expertise is not the same as singling out student identities. It would be counterproductive and further marginalizing to ask a student to share specific experiences as a person of color or of mature age. However, getting to know students’ experiences and expertise and drawing on those as sources of knowledge can be productive.
Adult learners have a wealth of previous knowledge and life experience to draw on, and will experience deep learning when they are able to forge strong connections between course content and themselves. In the classroom, instructors can help learners connect course content with what they already know through a variety of mechanisms.
In some ways, adults benefit even more than younger students from well-structured collaborative work that provides clear objectives, expectations, and group member roles. Yet, adults tend to have minimal contact with other learners outside of class, their home and work lives can feel like a very different world from their on-campus experiences.
Instructional Design: Adult Learners - LinkedIn Learning
Adult learners have specific needs that have to be considered during the instructional design process. In this course, one in a series on instructional design, Jeff Toister explores the best practices and techniques that will help designers work with, and train, adult learners. Explore the theory behind adult learning, discover techniques to increase active (vs. passive) learning, see how to identify and surmount barriers to learning, and get additional resources for developing training for adults.
15 Top Strategies for Teaching Adult Learners - University of San Diego
When it comes to adult learners, understanding how they access and process new information is key. Simply stated, teaching adults is most effective when educators understand and apply time-tested adult learning strategies.
Cochran, Charlotte, and Steve Brown. "Andragogy and the adult learner." In Supporting the success of adult and online students. CreateSpace, 2016. http://repository.cityu.edu/handle/20.500.11803/594
Pedagogy and andragogy are two theories of learning. Pedagogy requires the students to be dependent upon the teacher for knowledge, and any experiences students may have yield little value. On the other hand, andragogy is a theory that puts the learner at the center, and it continues to be discussed as a front-runner for adult learning. According to Knowles, Holton III, and Swanson (2005), andragogy includes six assumptions: (1) the need to know, (2) the learner’s self-concept, (3) the role of the learners’ experiences, (4) readiness to learn, (5) orientation to learning, and (6) motivation. The theory of andragogy can be applied to the online environment, and as such, faculty members who apply the six assumptions of andragogy to their online classes will improve the learning experience for their online learners.
Arnett, J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(4), pp. 213-224.
Booth, M. (2007). A study of adult undergraduate learners’ experiences of becoming and being self -directed learners. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
Campbell, S. (2015, August 3). Living with mom and dad: A new normal. Next Avenue. Retrieved from http://www.nextavenue.org/living-with-mom-and-dad-a-new-normal/
Cook, L. (2015, July 29). The new young adulthood means living with mom and dad. U.S. News & World Report Blogs. Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2015/07/29/the-new-young-adulthood-means-living-with-mom-and-dad
Donaldson, J. F., Graham, S. W., Martindill, W., & Bradley, S. (2000). Adult undergraduate students: How do they defi ne their experiences and their success? Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 48(2), 2–11.
Kasworm, C. (2014). Paradoxical understandings regarding adult undergraduate persistence. The Journal of Adult Continuing Higher Education, 62, 67-77.
Kasworm, C. (2010). Adult learners in a Research University: Negotiating undergraduate student identity. Adult Education Quarterly, 60(2), 143-160.
Kasworm, C. (2003). Adult meaning making in the undergraduate classroom. Adult Education Quarterly, 53(2), 81-98.
Knowles, M., Holton, E., and Swanson, R. (2005) The adult learner (6th ed). Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Lundberg, C. (2003). The influence of time-limitations, faculty and peer relationships on adult student learning: A causal model. The Journal of Higher Education, 74(6), 665-688.
Merriam, S. (2001). Andragogy and Self-Directed Learning: Pillars of adult learning theory. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 89, 3-13.
National Center for Educational Statistics (n.d.) Non-traditional Undergraduates / Definitions and Data. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs/web/97578e.asp
Nelson, L., Padilla-Walker, L., Carroll, J., Madsen, S., Barry, C., & Badger, S. (2007). “If you want me to treat you like an adult, start acting like one!” Comparing the criteria that emerging adults and their parents hold for adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), pp. 665-674.
Norton, B. (2013) Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Pilling-Cormick, J. (1997). Transformative and self-directed learning in practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 74, 69-77.
Price, K., & Baker, S. (2012). Measuring students’ engagement on college campuses: Is the NSSE an appropriate measure of adult students’ engagement? Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60(1), 20–32.
Rossiter, M. (1999). A narrative approach to development: Implications for adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 50(1), 56-71.
Shapiro, D., Dundar, A., Chen, J., Ziskin, M., Park, E., Torres, V., & Chiang, Y. (2012). Completing college: A national view of student attainment rates. Herndon, VA: National Student Clearinghouse Research Center.
Tinto, V. (2012). Completing college: Rethinking institutional action. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
This guide has been adapted from Teaching Adult Undergraduate Students by Stacey Margarita Johnson, made available under a CC BY-NC license by the Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University