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CINAHL is the go-to journal article database for Nursing & Health Sciences students. It covers nursing, allied health, biomedical and consumer health journals, publications of the American Nursing Association, and the National League for Nursing. Use the subject headings and limiters to refine searches and access full-text nursing and clinical journals.
PICO (or PICOT) is an acronym that stands for the following elements:
P – Population, problem or patient: Identify the patient problem or population. Describe either the patient's chief complaint or generalize the patient's comparison to a larger population.
I - Intervention: Include the use of a specific diagnostic test, treatment, adjunctive therapy, medication or recommendation to the patient to use a product or procedure.
C - Comparison: The main alternative you are considering. It should be specific and limited to one alternative.
O – Outcome: Specify the result(s) of what you plan to accomplish, improve or affect and should be measurable. Specific outcomes will yield better search results and allow you to find the studies that focus on the outcomes you are searching for.
T – Time (optional): Specify the time frame needed to achieve the Outcome.
PICO is a tool that helps researchers create focused, effective research questions and search strategies, making their queries more precise
For additional information on using CINAHL headings, check out the
Using CINAHL/MeSH Headings - Help Sheet
This tutorial demonstrates how to create a targeted search using the CINAHL/MeSH Headings (3:52)
Follow the steps below: