Format:
Author(s) (last name, first initials). (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher. DOI or URL of ebook homepage
Example:
Ferguson, R. (2014). Inferno: An anatomy of American punishment. Harvard University Press. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.cod.idm.oclc.org/lib/cod/detail.action?docID=3301397
Format:
Author(s) of article. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. DOI.
Example:
Mahfouz, J., Levitan, J., Schussler, D., Broderick, T., Dvorakova, K., Argusti, M., & Greenberg, M. (2018). Ensuring college student success through mindfulness-based classes: Just breathe. College Student Affairs Journal, 36(1), 1-16. http://doi.org/10.1353/csj.2018.0000.
Tip:
Present DOIs as hyperlinks (i.e., beginning with "http://" or "https://"). If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI (APA Manual, 9.34 - 9.35).
Format:
Author(s) of article. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. URL
Example:
Aviles, A. Dávila, E. & Benson, R.D. (2019). City of wind, city of fire: Education and activism in Chicago 1966-1975. The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 10(2), 69-96. http://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/view/1896
Tip:
If the article is published on a website, include a URL. If the article is published on a database, do not include a URL or database information (APA Manual, 9.30).
URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible (APA Manual, 9.34).
Format:
Author(s) of article. (Year, month, date of publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume number(Issue number), Page number(s). URL or DOI
Example:
Nordling, L. (2019, October 25). Codes of conduct aim to curb harassment at field sites. Science, 366(6464), 408. https://10.1126/science.366.6464.408
Tip:
If an online magazine article does not have a volume, issue, or page number(s), leave out (APA Manual, 10.1, 15).
Note:
If you are citing an article published in an online news source (e.g. BBC News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, Vox), see Webpage on a news website below.
Format:
Author(s) of article. (Year, month, date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL
Example:
Issa, N. & Wittich, J. (2019, October 27). CPS support workers make tentative deal to end strike but won’t cross teachers’ picket lines. Chicago Sun-Times. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/10/27/20935498/cps-seiu-73-strike-teachers-ctu-agreement-palmer
(APA Manual, 10.1, 16)
Note:
If you are citing an article published in an online news source (e.g. BBC News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, Vox), see Webpage on a news website below.
Format:
Author(s) of article. (Year of publication). Title of article. In Name of editor(s) (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (Edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
Example:
Wachal, B. S. (2007). Dred Scott case. In J. Rodriguez, Encyclopedia of emancipation and abolition in the transatlantic world. Routledge. https://cod.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sharpeeman/dred_scott_case/0?institutionId=2869
(APA Manual, 10.2, 30)
Tips:
An online encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not have a publication date. In that case, use "n.d." for the date and include the retrieval date (APA Manual, 9.15).
Provide database information in a reference only when it is necessary for readers to retrieve the cited work from that exact database (APA Manual, 9.30).
When referencing an entire website, simply include the URL in the text of the paper.
Example:
The Art Institute of Chicago website (http://www.artic.edu/aic/) includes great visuals.
Format:
Author(s) of article. (Date Published, Copyright Date or Last Revision in year, month, date format). Title of page. Name of Website. URL
Example:
Roberts, D. (2019, October 28). Wildfires and blackouts mean Californians need solar panels and microgrids. Vox. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/28/20926446/california-grid-distributed-energy
(APA Manual, 10.16, 110)
Format:
Group/organization name. (year, month, date if available) Title of page. Name of website. URL
Example:
DuPagePads. (n.d.) DuPagePads history 1985-present. https://dupagepads.org/about/our-history
(APA Manual, 10.16, 111)
Tip:
When the author name is the same as the website name, leave out the website name.
(APA Manual 9.33)
Format:
Author(s) of language model. (Date - year of the version you used). Title - name of the LLM. (Version of model) [Brackets for additional descriptions]. Source if different from Author. URL
Example:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat.
APA indicates that it might be useful to think of these like personal communications, but we are sharing an algorithm's output, not a person's. You may also consider putting a long response from ChatGPT into an Appendix in your paper, or online supplemental materials, so the reader can refer to the appendix when reading the quote from ChatGPT in your work.
(APA Style, 2023)