You are a copyright owner. If you have taken a photograph, written an essay or email you have created a work that is protected by copyright - a right that is automatic and does not require any further actions from you.
Copyright grants you exclusive rights over all of your original works (literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and other intellectual works) whether published or unpublished. Before you sign a publication contract, however, you should be aware of which rights, if any, you might be relinquishing. Review your contract to ensure that you can share your work with colleagues and students, post your work online, or publish in the Digital Commons.
For more information, read SPARC Author Rights & Author Addendum http://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-rights